PHYLUM_PORIFERA
👉Porous body
👉CaCO3 Silica Skeleton
👉Asymmetrical
👉Amphiblastula larva
👉Diffuse cellular organization
👉Spongocoel body cavity
PHYLUM_CNIDARIA
👉Radially symmetrical
👉Body cavity “Coelentron”
👉Pnedoblast – Defensive cells
👉Diploblast (Ecto + Endoderm)
👉Middle non-cellular layer “Mesoglea”
👉Larva – Planula Larva
👉Morphologically
👉a- Medusa = Umbrella like
👉b- Polyp = Rod shaped
PHYLUM_PLATYHELMINTHES
👉Flatworms
👉Totally Parasite
👉Flat or Ribbon shaped
👉Excretory organs – Proto nephridia (Flame cells)
👉Aeoelomate (Absence of body cavity)
👉It is the first phylum containing triplo blastic animals
👉Usually Hermaphrodites
👉Planaria is the only free living member
👉High fertility rate
👉Bilaterally Symmetrical
PHYLUM_ASCHELMINTHES*
_(NEMATODA – ROUND WORMS)_
👉Totally parasitic including 50 human parasite
👉Bilaterally symmetrical with cylindrical body
👉Two openings (Mouth & Anus)
👉Psudocoelomates
👉Common diseases – Ascariasis, filiariasis (elephantiasis), hook worm infection.
PHYLUM_ANNELIDA
_(SEGMENTED WORMS)_
👉Metamers (External segmentation)
👉Septae (Internal segmentation)
👉Setae (Locomotary organs) or cheata
👉Digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive system well developed.
👉Respiration through diffusion
👉Blood is red with a closed type of circulatory 👉system (with many pulsatile hearts)
CLASS_POLYCHEATA
👉Setae with Parapodia
👉Separate sexes
👉Sabella (Peacock worm), Nereis (Clam worm)
CLASS_OLIGOCHEATA
👉Setae without Parapodia
👉Pheretima (Earth worm)
CLASS_HIRUNDINIA
_(LEACHES)_
👉Free living, Ecto or Endo parasite
👉Contains a Enzyme hirudin which prevents blood clotting
PHYLUM_MOLLUSCA
_(SOFT BODIED ANIMAL)_
👉Second largest phylum
👉Largest invertebrate – Gram squlds
👉External hard covering calcium carbonate shell
👉A grinding structure radula is present in the buccal cavity
👉Thin membraneous covering of the body – mantle
👉Respiration through gills
👉Locomotary organ a mascular foot
👉Larva – Trocophore larva
CLASS_GASTROPODA
👉A phenomenon torsion is present in which the animal body rotates at the angle of 180˚
Example: Pila
CLASS_BIVALVIA
👉Second largest class of mollusca
👉Shell consist of two parts and attached with eachother by hinge joint
👉Common examples: Unio, mytilus and pearl oysters
*🎀#CLASS_CEPHALOPODA*
👉All members are marine
👉Locomotary organ foot transformed into suckers which bears tentacles and arms
👉Example: Sepia (cuttle fish), loligo (squids), octopus (devil fish)
👉Shell is absent in octopus
*🎀(7) #PHYLUM_ARTHROPODA*
_(JOINTED LEGS)_
👉Largest phylum
👉One million species
👉Metamerically segmented animals
👉Blood filled cavity hoemocoel is present
👉Blood without haemoglobin (white)
👉Respiration: Gills, Trachea or Book lungs
👉Excretory organs malphigian tubules
👉Nervous system well developed
👉Compound erges with sharp vision
👉Metamorphosis = developmental changes which transforms a larva into its developed adult form
👉Incomplete metamorphosis = egg → nymph → adult e.g. cockroach
👉Complete metamorphosis = ®️ egg ®️ larva ®️ pupa ®️ adult e.g. Butterfly, common, housefly and mosquito
👉Moulting (ecdysis)
👉Changing over of old exoskeleton and formation of a new one
👉Apiculture => Farming of honey bees
Sericulture => Farming of silk worms
*🎀#CLASS_MEROSTOMATA*
👉Limulus (king crab)
*🎀#CLASS_ARCHINIDA*
_(SPIDER LIKE)_
👉Group of Spiders & Scorpions
👉Respiration through book lungs
👉Four pair of walking legs
*🎀#CLASS_CRUSTACEA*
👉Class of prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs
👉Two pairs of antenae, one pair of mandible and two pair of maxilla
👉Exoskeleton a large plate of carapase
👉Sacculina is the only parasitic member
*🎀#CLASS_MYRIAPODA*
👉Class of millipedes and centipedes
👉Body is divided into similar multiple segments
*🎀#CLASS_INSECTA OR HEXAPODA*
👉Largest class (eight lakhs & 50,000 members)
👉Study of insects is called entomology
👉Three pairs of walking legs
👉Pterygota (insects with wings)
👉Apterygota (insects without wings)
Social insects: Ants, termites, honey bees
*🎀(8) #PHYLUM_ECHINODERMATA*
_(ANIMAL WITH SPINY SKIN)_
👉Marine animals
👉Radially symmetrical
👉Pentamerous body
👉Water vascular system is present
👉Locomotary organs are tube feets = External 👉openings of the water vascular system
👉Exoskeleton is made up of calcarious plates in the form of spines
👉Power of regemeration is very great
👉Phylum echinodermata, hemichordata & chordate posses common ancestor Bipinnaria larva is present
👉Common e.g. Sea Star (Star fish, Brittle star, Sea dollar, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers.
*🎀(9) #PHYLUM_HEMICHORDATA*
_(ANIMAL WITH HALF NOTOCHORD)_
👉Notochord in future = Vertebral column + Skull
👉Dorsal nerve cord = Brain and Spinal cord
👉Pharengeal gill slits <–>Aquatic animals = gills
-👉> Terrestrial = Internal neck structures
👉Only 90 species are present
👉Larva is tornaria larva
👉Open circulatory system
*🎀(10) #PHYLUM_CHORDATA*
*🎀GROUP ACRANIATA*
👉Brain without any covering or skull
*🎀SUB-PHYLUM UROCHORDATA*
👉Also known as tunicates
👉Body is enclosed in a sac tunic
👉Only embryonical stages show chordate characters
*🎀SUB-PHYLUM CEPHALO CHORDATA*
👉Embryonic as well as adult both forms show typical chordate characters
*🎀GROUP CRANIATA OR VERTEBRATA*
👉Brain and spinal cord is enclosed in a hard covering skull & vertebral column respectively
🄵🄾🄻🄻🄾🅆 🄿🅰️🄶🄴
*🎀SUB-PHYLUM AGNATHA*
_(ANIMALS WITHOUT JAWS)_
👉Also known as cyclostomes or jawless fishes
👉Totally parasitic
👉Teeth are present in the form of rings
👉Common e.g. Hag fishes, lamprey
*🎀SUB–PHYLUM GNATHOSTOMATA*
_(ANIMAL WITH JAWS)_
👉Teeth may be present or absent
👉Amphibians and bird lack teeth
👉Fishes, reptiles, mammals do have teeth
*🎀1. SUPER – CLASS ᏢᏆᏟՏᎬՏ*
_(FISHES)_
👉Study of fish is known as *єchthylogy*
*🎀SUB – CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES*
_(CARTILAGENOUS FISHES)_
👉Endo skeleton is cartilaginous (soft boned)
👉Exoskeleton – *Placoid scales*
👉Fins are heterocircle (different size and shaped)
👉Gills without any covering
👉Common example (Sharks, Squids, torpedo, electric ray)
👉Scolidoen (dog fish) – Small Shark
*🎀 SUB – CLASS OSTEOCHYTHES*
_(BONY FISHES)_
👉Exoskeleton *cycloid or ctenoid* scales
Operculum is present (covering of gills)
👉Fins are homocircle (Same size and shape)
👉Lung fishes are included in order *dipnoi*
*🎀2. SUPER CLASS ṮḕṮṙḀṖṏḊḀ*
*🎀1. CLASS AMPHIBIA*
👉Exoskeleton is absent
👉Respiration by lungs, gills or skin
👉Fertilization is external
👉Cold blooded
👉Having the characteristics of *hibernation* & *aestivation*
👉Common e.g. Toads, frogs, salamanders etc.
*🎀2. CLASS REPTILIA*
👉Included in group *Aᴍɴɪᴏᴛᴀ* due to the presence of amnion in eggs
👉Fertilization is internal
👉Exoskeleton is made up of thick horny scales
👉Important members are snakes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles and alligators
*👉Venom* ➞ Snake poison
*👉Fangs* ➞ sharped and curved teeth of snake
*🎀3. CLASS AVES*
_(BIRDS)_
👉Study of birds is called *Oʀɴɪᴛʜᴏʟᴏɢʏ*
👉They posses hollow bones *(Pneumatic bones)*
👉Sound producing organ *Syrinx* is present instead of larynx.
👉Teeth totally absent.
*🎀SUB CLASS RETITA*
_(FLIGHT LESS BIRDS)_
E.g. Penguin, Kiwi, Ostrich.
*Ostrich* ➞ Largest Bird.
*🎀SUB CLASS CARNIATAE*
_(FLYING BIRDS)_
👉Wings with interlocking system.
👉Common e.g. Peacock, Seagulls, Kites, Falcon etc.
*👉ᗩᖇᑕᕼᗴᝪᑭᗴᎢᖇᎩ᙭* ➞ Intermediate specie between reptiles and birds.
*🎀4. CLASS MAMMALIA*
👉Presence of mammary glands and hairs.
👉A muscular organ diaphragm, which separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.
👉Teeth are present with different size and shape (heterodont).
👉🅐- Incissors ➞ for biting and cutting purpose
👉🅑- Canives ➞ Tearing purpose
👉🅒- Pre-Molars ➞ For grinding and holding purpose
👉🅓- Molars ➞ For grinding and holding purpose.
*🎀SUB CLASS PROTOTHERA*
_(EGG LAYING MAMMALS)_
👉Also called *Monotremous*.
👉Two genera with 3 species
Oviparous.
👉Common urogenital opening Cloaca is present.
👉External ear is absent.
👉It is a connecting link between reptiles and true mammals. e.g. spiny anteater, duck billed platypus.
*🎀SUB CLASS ᎷᎬͲᎪͲᎻᎬᎡᏆᎪ*
_(POUCHED MAMMALS)_
_Marsupials_
👉Give birth to live young ones.
👉Special pouch like bag is present in the ventral side of female.
👉This pouch is known as *Mᴀʀsᴜᴘɪᴀʟ*.
👉🏿 Common e.g. Kangaroo, Kuala bear, Opossums.
*🎀SUB CLASS ᗴᑌᎢᕼᗴᖇᏆᗩ*
_(PLACENTAL ANIMALS)_
👉95% of mammals are included in this group.
Viviparous.
👉Placenta ➝ connecting link between mother and fetus.
👉Common e.g. Camel, donkey, elephant, bat, whale, dolphin.
PMDC 2023
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